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Missions --- Photography --- History --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Church history --- 266 <6> --- 77 <6> --- Christian missions --- Christianity --- Missions, Foreign --- Religion --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- 77 <6> Fotografie--Afrika --- Fotografie--Afrika --- Missies. Evangelisatie. Zending--Afrika --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa

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Why are politicians able to form electoral coalitions that bridge ethnic divisions in some countries and not others? This book answers this question by presenting a theory of pecuniary coalition building in multi-ethnic countries governed through patronage. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, the book explains how the relative autonomy of business from state-controlled capital affects political bargaining among opposition politicians in particular. While incumbents form coalitions by using state resources to secure cross-ethnic endorsements, opposition politicians must rely on the private resources of business to do the same. This book combines cross-national analyses of African countries with in-depth case studies of Cameroon and Kenya to show that incumbents actively manipulate financial controls to prevent business from supporting their opposition. It demonstrates that opposition politicians are more likely to coalesce across ethnic cleavages once incumbents have lost their ability to blackmail the business sector through financial reprisals.

Government --- Political parties --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Opposition (Political science) --- Electoral coalitions --- Campaign funds --- Political opposition --- Political science --- Divided government --- Alliances, Electoral --- Electoral alliances --- Pre-electoral coalitions --- Preelectoral coalitions --- Coalitions --- Assessments, Political --- Campaign contributions --- Campaign expenditures --- Campaign finance --- Election contributions --- Elections --- Political assessments --- Political campaigns --- Finance --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Kenya --- Cameroon --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Ethnic relations --- Political aspects. --- Politics and government --- Politics and government. --- Social Sciences --- Political Science

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Economic conditions in sub-Saharan Africa have remained generally robust despite a sluggish global economy. The near-term outlook for the region remains broadly positive, and growth is projected at 5¼ percent a year in 2012-13. Most low-income countries are projected to continue to grow strongly, supported by domestic demand, including from investment. The outlook is less favorable for many of the middle-income countries, especially South Africa, that are more closely linked to European markets and thus experience a more noticeable drag from the external environment. The main risks to the outlook are an intensification of financial stresses in the euro zone and a sharp fiscal adjustment in the US--the so-called fiscal cliff.

Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Economic indicators --- Fiscal policy --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Economic conditions --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Business indicators --- Indicators, Business --- Indicators, Economic --- Leading indicators --- Government policy --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Economic history --- Quality of life --- Economic forecasting --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Social indicators --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Production and Operations Management --- Inflation --- Trade: General --- Agriculture: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Agricultural economics --- Economic growth --- Finance --- Agricultural sector --- Exchange rates --- Productivity --- Labor productivity --- Economic sectors --- Prices --- Production --- Exports --- International trade --- Agricultural industries --- Industrial productivity --- South Africa

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The pace of progress toward achievement of the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) in many sub-Saharan African countries remains too slow to reach targets by 2015, despite significant progress in the late 1990s. The MDG Africa Steering Group, convened in September 2007 by the UN Secretary-General, designated 10 countries for pilot studies to investigate how existing national development plans would be impacted by scaled up development aid to Africa. This joint publication of the IMF and the United Nations Development Programme reports conclusions drawn from these pilot studies and summarizes country-specific results for Benin, the Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Niger, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo, Sierra Leone, and Zambia.

Economic assistance --- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- E-books --- Economic assistance. --- Africa. --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Foreign Exchange --- Infrastructure --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Health: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Health economics --- Public investment spending --- Real exchange rates --- Expenditure --- Public financial management (PFM) --- National accounts --- Health --- Public investments --- Expenditures, Public --- Saving and investment --- Finance, Public --- Central African Republic